BIOL 3090 study guide

Chapters 1-4

Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Molecules of life

Cells are full of large molecules - not bags of a dilute water solution

Figures 1-2, *1-3

1.3 Architecture of cells

Prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells

Why are cells small? (From lecture)

Lipid bilayers separate cells from their environment

Figures1-6, and 1-7

1.4 Cell life cycle

Figure 1-9

1.5 cells to tissues

this is just an introduction

Chapter 2

2.1 Covalent bonds

refresh your memory about polar, nonpolar bonds

Basic chemistry pages 14-19 

Figures 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6

2.2 Non-covalent bonds

review types of non-covalent bonds - these are important in the structure of macromolecules

Biomembrane structure

Figures 2-11, 2-16, 2-17, 2-19, 2-20

2.3 Chemical equilibrium

review pH and buffers pages 29-35

Questions 1-7

2.4 nothing

2.5 nothing

Chapter 3 - Important Chapter

3.1 Structure of proteins

Proteins are composed of amino acids

SINGLE LETTER CODES for amino acids (page 52)

KNOW negative, positive and hydrophobic amino acids!

KNOW proline breaks a -helices, cysteine forms disulfide bonds

Four levels of structure (review pages 54-62)

Don’t worry about amino acid sequencing

Secondary structure page 59 – amphipathic helix!

Motifs and modules

Figures *3-2, *3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, *3-11

3.2 folding and modification of proteins

Figure 3-13

3.3 Functional design of proteins

Enzymes (review) pages 68-78, control of enzyme activity

Modification of proteins – phosphorylation, proteolysis, allosteric interactions

I will not go into kinetics (pages 73-74)

Figures 3-24, 3-25, 3-27, 3-28, 3-30, 3-31

3.4 membrane proteins

Figures 3-34, 3-36

3.5 Purification and detection of proteins

Purification Techniques (pages 83-96)

Figures *3-39, *3-41, *3-42, 3-44

Table 3-1

Questions 1-3, 5-8, 10-12

Chapter 4

4.1 Structure of DNA, RNA

Review DNA, RNA structures and differences pages 100-105

Remember all sequences will be 5’ to 3’!

Figures *4-1, 4-4, *4-8, 4-7, 4-11

4.2 nothing

4.3 Nucleic acid synthesis

Processing of eukaryotic mRNA figure 4-18, 4-19 (Note there is a small error in figure 4-19, exon 1 incldes the 5' UTR and exon 3 includes the 3' UTR)

Note: AUG is NOT the first three letters of a mature mRNA!!

Figures 4-16, *4-18, *4-19

4.4 RNA in protein synthesis

Know differences between rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA

Table 4-2 Be able to translate a mRNA sequence using this table (don’t memorize table) This table will be on the exam

Don’t go into all of the details of protein synthesis like Figure 4-42 (pages 134-138)

Figures 4-20, 4-22, 4-23, 4-24, 4-26 (shows base-pairing), 4-29 (good but too detailed), 4-32

Questions 1, 2, 4