1. Understanding of catabolic and anabolic pathways
2. Understanding of differences between kinetic and
potential energy.
3. Understanding of the first and second laws of
thermodynamics.
4. Understanding of the equation for free-energy change.
5. Understanding of the relationship between free energy and
equilibrium.
6. Understanding of the difference between exergonic and endergonic
reactions. 7. Understanding of the function of ATP in a cell and the components
of ATP.
8. Understanding of how ATP performs cellular work.
9. Understanding of function of enzymes in biological
systems.
10. Understanding of the relationship between enzyme
structure and enzyme specificity.
11. Understanding of the induced-fit model of enzyme
function.
12. Understanding of the catalytic cycle of an enzyme.
13. Understanding of the role of environmental factors,
co-factors, and enzyme inhibitors in enzyme activity.
1. Understanding of the differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
2. Understanding of what compartmentalization is and what
role it plays in eukaryotic cells.
3. Understanding of the structure and function of the major
eukaryotic organelles.
4. Understanding of the components of the endomembrane system.
5. Understanding of the structure of a mitochondrion.
6. Understanding of the three functional compartments of a
chloroplast.
7. Understanding of the functions of the cytoskeleton.
8. Understanding of plant cell walls.
1. Understanding of the properties of phospholipids and
their arrangement in cellular membranes.
2. Understanding of the fluid properties of the cell
membrane and how membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition.
3. Understanding of how proteins and carbohydrates are
spatially arranged in cell membranes and how they contribute to membrane
function.
4. Understanding of factors that affect the selective
permeability of membranes. 5. Understanding of the locations and
functions of transport proteins.
6. Understanding of diffusion.
7. Understanding of why a concentration gradient across a
membrane represents potential energy.
8. Understanding of the relationship between hypertonic,
hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
9. Understanding of osmosis and water movement.
10. Understanding of how transport proteins facilitate
diffusion.
11. Understanding of active transport.
12. Understanding of a membrane potential or electrochemical
gradient.
13. Understanding of co-transport.
14. Understanding of endocytosis
and exocytosis.
1. Understanding of the differences between fermentation and
cellular respiration.
2. Understanding of the summary equation for cellular
respiration.
3. Understanding of how ATP is recycled in cells.
4. Understanding of oxidation and reduction.
5. Understanding of the role of NAD+ and the electron
transport chain during respiration.
6. Understanding of where glycolysis,
the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain occur.
7. Understanding of why ATP is required for the preparatory
steps of glycolysis. 8. Understanding of substrate-level
phosphorylation.
9. Understanding of the “bridge reaction” (pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA) and
how this process links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.
10. Understanding of the exergonic
movement of electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis.
11. Understanding of why fermentation is necessary.
12. Understanding of alcohol fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
13. Understanding of how food molecules other than glucose
can be oxidized to make ATP.
14. Understanding of how ATP production is controlled by the
cell and the role the phosphofructokinase, plays in the process.
1. Understanding of the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
2. Understanding of the difference between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
3. Understanding of the structure of chloroplasts
4. Understanding of summary equation for photosynthesis.
5. Understanding of the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis.
6. Understanding of in general the two main stages of photosynthesis.
7. Understanding of the wavelike and particle-like behaviors of light.
8. Understanding of what happens when chlorophyll pigments
absorb photons. 9. Understanding of the components of a photosystem and their functions.
10. Understanding of electron flow through photosystems II and I.
11. Understanding of cyclic and noncyclic electron flow.
12. Understanding of the differences in chemiosmosis between oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts.
13. Understanding of the carbon-fixing reactions of the Calvin cycle.