Atomic Structure: SPONCH and the Atom - 2.1.1

>>>>>An understanding of chemistry is important because an interaction between atoms is one of the lowest levels of biological organization.

---matter

---mass

---element

Approximately 25 of the elements are essential for life. Of those the most biologically important by percentage are:

S = sulfur ------

P = phosphorous

O = oxygen

N = nitrogen About 99%

C = carbon

H = hydrogen ------

K = potassium ------

Ca = calcium

Na = sodium            Remaining 1%

Cl = chlorine

Mg = magnesium

Trace elements ----

---Trace elements

---atom

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATOMS

>>>>>Atoms are made up of subatomic particles. The 3 most stable subatomic particles are: neutrons, protons, and electrons.

---Protons

---Neutrons

---Electrons

---Dalton is a mass unit for subatomic particles. 1 Dalton = 1.67 x 10^-24g

---atomic number

---atomic mass or mass number

Electrons, Orbitals, and Electron Shells - 2.1.2

---Electron orbitals

---electron shells

---Energy

---Potential energy

---Valence electrons

---valence shell

Ions, Ionization, and Isotopes - 2.1.3

---Ion

---Ionization

---Anion

---Cation

---Isotopes

---Radioisotopes

Bonding and Electronegativity - 2.2.1

>>>>>>>A reactive atom will try and fill it’s valence shell by interacting with other atoms. This interaction (bonding) may result in two atoms forming a chemical bond.

---Chemical bond

---Electronegativity

Ionic and Covalent Bonds - 2.2.2

If the electronegativity of an atom is much greater than the electronegativity of another atom that an electron transfer will occur. The atom with the lower electronegativity will transfer an electron to the atom with the greater electronegativity. After the transfer both atoms will have a charge.

---Electrostatics

---Ionic bond

>>>>>Covalent bond is a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of valence electrons.

---Valence

---Single covalent bond

---Double covalent bond

---Triple covalent bond

Polar Covalent Bonds, Hydrogen Bonds, and Van der Waals Interactions - 2.2.3

---Polar covalent bond

---Nonpolar covalent bond

---Hydrogen bond

Terms from Schaum

---Compound p.11

---Molecule p.11

---Structural formula p.29

---Chemical reactions p.15

                   2 H₂ + O₂ W 2 H₂O

---reactants p.15

---products p.15

---Chemical equilibrium p.15

Tennis court analogy of chemical equilibrium

                                                                |

                                                                |

                     PERSON “A”                   |                    PERSON “B”

                                                                |

                     Picks up the balls as          |                    Picks up the balls very

                     quickly as possible             |                    leisurely and slowly hits

                     and hits them over             |                    them over the net

                     the net.                               |

Even if “A” starts with all the balls an equilibrium will be reached

where “B” will have most but not all of the balls

and the rate (how many per minute) of balls

crossing the net will be equal.

What if the conditions change: “A” still hits as quick but only get half over the net.

The equilibrium shifts so that “B” has less balls than before and “A” has more

but an equal rate of balls crossing the net is what makes the equilibrium.